Guidance on the monitoring of marine litter in European seas – An update to improve the harmonised monitoring of marine litter under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive

The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Group on Marine Litter developed the Guidance for the Monitoring of Marine Litter in European seas in 2013 to enable EU Member States to launch monitoring programmes for MSFD Descriptor 10: no harm caused by marine litter. The maturity of methodological protocols for marine litter monitoring has increased over the last 10 years, based on research advances and Member States' efforts. This document updates the previous guidance to facilitate the harmonisation of the monitoring framework for the MSFD, including protocols, recommendations, and information required to increase the comparability of data and assessments among Member States. The document comprises chapters dedicated to the protocols for monitoring marine litter across different marine environmental compartments (i.e. the coastline/beach, the surface layer of the water column, the seafloor/seabed) and types of litter (i.e. macro litter, mesolitter, microlitter, ingested litter and microlitter by biota, and entanglement with litter).