Blue Horizons: Assessing Geopolymers as Eco-Friendly Materials in the Context of the Transition to a Sustainable Blue Economy

Geopolymers, characterized by their sustainable composition, are increasingly recognized as viable alternatives in construction materials. This paper examines the prospects of geopolymers within the sustainable blue economy, as a context emphasizing blue growth in smart, inclusive and above all sustainable development in the marine and maritime sectors. A synthesis of existing knowledge, emphasizing geopolymers’ potential contribution to sustainable practices within the blue economy is presented, delving into specific but innovative applications such as the use of alternative and non-conventional materials for marine infrastructures and offshore construction, and assessing the performance and the many advantages of geopolymers in challenging marine environments through a number of studies. Sustainability considerations and environmental impact are analysed, comparing geopolymers with conventional materials. The paper also identifies challenges related to the applications for marine infrastructures and offshore construction, proposing research directions and solutions. Finally, regulatory aspects are explored outlining current guidelines and advocating for a regulatory framework supportive of geopolymer integration in the Blue Economy sectors, and future trends and innovations are discussed, providing insights into ongoing research. The aim of the present review is to inform researchers, practitioners and policymakers involved in the intersection of geopolymer materials, marine ecosystems and circular economy.