Larval dispersal and connectivity of Ostrea edulis: A biophysical modelling review for restoration planning

Increasing efforts to restore Ostrea edulis across Europe have intensified the need for robust understanding of larval dispersal and population connectivity. Although numerous local modelling studies have emerged, a consolidated synthesis of their methodological approaches, assumptions and management relevance has been lacking. This review critically evaluates hydrodynamic and biophysical models applied to O. edulis , examining model structure, behavioral representation, settlement treatment, validation practice and environmental context. The synthesis reveals substantial heterogeneity in modelling frameworks and limited formal validation, constraining cross-system comparability and management interpretation. Nonetheless, consistent patterns emerge: larval behavior significantly modifies dispersal trajectories relative to passive transport, connectivity outcomes are highly sensitive to hydrodynamic setting and release timing, and semi-enclosed systems generally promote stronger local retention than open, advective environments. By distinguishing potential dispersal from realized connectivity and highlighting persistent methodological gaps, particularly in empirical validation and uncertainty quantification, this review provides a structured framework for interpreting connectivity models in restoration planning. Strengthening transparency, integrating demographic processes and explicitly addressing environmental variability will be essential for translating modelling advances into effective, evidence-based restoration strategies for Europe's native oyster.